language+-+roman

__//**Roman empire : Language (14) (Jun Lee)**//__

In the 5th century BC, and one of the Italic languages spoken in central Italy was called Latin. It is known as the Latium, the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome that was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire, and it had also been named as the Romans town city. The inscriptions in Latin, known as the earliest one, date from 6th century BC which alphabets had been adapted from the Etruscan alphabet. The language had been gradually expanded, influenced over other countries such as Italy, most of the parts of the continent, Europe, by the Rome (Romans). The Roman empire had eventually stretched across wide-envelop of North America, Europe, and the Middle East. The Latin language from the Romes had second-handed (used, basically) throughout the Empires as the language of law, as everyday the administration and progressively in everyday life. The common among the Roman Citizens, known as the literacy. It also includes the fact where the works of great Latin authors were read by many. In the intervening periods, in the Eastern Mediterranean, Greek serves, or had remained the Lingua Franca, known as a language that is used between persons who have not the same mother tongue, which were well-educated Romans, and familiar with both language and as the progress went on. Dates from 150 BC, were the earliest surviving examples of Latin literature and Latin translations of Greek plays, including the Cato’s farming manual. Such as the classical Latin, language that are used in much early Latin literature, had diverged in many different ways from the Colloquial (spoken Latin), recognized as Vulgar Latin, though some writers, including Cicero and Petronius and etc. that has been used in their work. As it continues and goes on, the Roman empire had developed in their speaking modern Italic/Romance languages such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, etc had been move away from the literacy standard, over the centuries. Latin began to lose its dominant position as the main language of scholarship and religion throughout Europe, during the 15th century The Vernacular languages of Europe was largely replaced by several different written versions many of which are descendants of Latin or have been heavily influenced by it. Until the mid 20th century and is still used to some extent, modern Latin was used by the Roman Catholic Church was particularly in the Vatican City, where it is one of the official languages. Latin terminology is used extensively by biologists, other scientists to name species and specimens, and also by doctors and lawyers.

===**Latin alphabet** === ===The Romans used just 23 letters to write Latin: === ===A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z === === There were no lower case letters, **I**  and **V**  could be used as both vowels and consonants, and **K** , **X** , **Y**  and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Z** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> were used only for writing words of Greek origin. === === <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The letters <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**J** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**U** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**W** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> were added to the alphabet at a later stage to write languages other than Latin. === === <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**J** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is a variant of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**I** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and was first used during the 16th century by Petrus Ramus. === === <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**U** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is a variant of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**V** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. In Latin the /u/ sound was written with the letter v, e.g. IVLIVS (Julius). ===

===<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**W** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was originally a doubled v ( such as vv) and was first used by scribes writing Old English during the 7th century AD, however the Runic letter Wynn (Ƿ) was more commonly used to write the /w/ sound. After the Norman Conquest the letter W became more popular and had replaced Wynn by 1300. ===

==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Reconstructed pronunciation of Classical Latin** == ==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ==

Source :  []